H&M marketing Essay

Q1. To what extent is H&M marketing orientated? What evidence is there in the case to support your view? Market orientation is when a company organizes its activities, products and services around the wants and needs of its customers. In the case of H&M it can be seen that the organization follows the market orientation philosophy as it focuses on the needs and wants of the customers before making its products. The company recognizes the ongoing slump in the world economy and sees the fact that it is hard for consumers to buy expensive fashion clothing so it comes up with the idea of trendy and fashionable clothes but within the reach of the common man. From the case study there is evidence of the company following and believing in market orientation school of thought. For example, H&M has its strong footholds in both Europe and the US but the way they market and sell their products in these two regions is very different. In Europe H&M is seen as more of a department store however in the US the company targets the young and more fashion conscious females. In other case H&M keeps the customers and there wants in mind when designing or launching a new product line, as seen from the case study, Ann-Sofie Johansson a designer for H&M admits that finding the needs of the customers is very important, she says and admits that she used to follow people off the subway and questioned them about their fashion needs. Q2. Into which cell of the efficiency-effectiveness matrix does H&M fall? Justify your answer. Efficiency means doing the thing right and Effectiveness means doing the right thing. In regards to the matrix H&M is both efficient and effective. Efficiency is achieved when a company produces its goods economically, by keeping overheads and costs to the minimum, H&M does the same, it outsources its production to low cost countries like China, Bangladesh etc thus saving up on cheap labor. A company is effective in markets when its strategy is successful within the consumers. H&M successfully achieves this as not only H&M customers buy their products but they also become loyal customers to the brand as it is of an affordable price as well as in line with fashion, H&M recognizes that there products do not last long but it does not affect them or their customer as both of them know that the customer will buy a particular coat or jacket for only a season. For example in the case study it shows the comparison of prices between Dolce and Gabbana trench coat worth 600 pounds and that of H&M’s 35 pounds trench coat. Q3.What is the basis of the customer value H&M provides for its customers? Customer value is the consumer’s assessment of the product’s overall capacity to satisfy his or her needs. In the case of H&M the company does its best to satisfy its customers’ needs and does well in it. The basic formula of the company is the cheap-chic formula in which the customers are provided with cheap yet fashionable products. This formula of the company has been there since the beginning of the company and has been successful since, the foremost reason for this is the cheap price of the product as well as the freshness of the product. The company does not believe in stacking high inventory as it also raises costs as and makes the product obsolete as well. Q4. What are the marketing benefits to H&M of commissioning Karl Lagerfeld and Stella McCartney to design limited edition clothing ranges? Karl Lagerfeld and Stella McCartney are both famous designers working for high priced and luxury clothing brands like Chanel. Employing both these designers was a very effective strategy implemented by H&M which turned out to be quite efficient as well because even after employing such high priced designers H&M could sell off their new range with nominal prices like 55-70 pounds. The marketing benefits which H&M achieved were that their customers felt that not only H&M provided their customers with cheap fashionable clothes but also cheap designer clothes which is quite rare in the fashion industry. This was proven by the range of Karl Lagerfeld being sold within hours of its launch at the H&M stores. Q5. What challenges are likely to face H&M in the future? Since the formation of the company it has been experiencing growth in its markets and achieving higher profits in comparison with its competitors, for example in 2005 H&M had a pre-tax profit of 1 Billion pound on sales of 4.5 Billion whereas GAP; a competitor of H&M had profits of 978million pounds on sales of 8.7 Billion. However H&M will have to cautious in regards of the future as the economy is still showing a downward trend which is directly proportional to the consumer’s net disposable income, because fashionable and trendy clothes are wants of the consumers not needs. Secondly many other small brands recognize the strategy of H&M and may provide completion to the company in its sector of cheap fashion clothing. So H&M should have a plan to counter these threats which can become a challenge for the company. Q6. Do you consider the marketing of disposable clothes contrary to societal welfare? Justify your answer? H&M treats fashion as a perishable product; the company keeps its costs low and passes on the low cost to the consumer in the form of cheap yet fashionable clothes. In regards to the question, no, I do not consider marketing of disposable fashion opposite to societal welfare. Cheap and trendy clothes keep the customers satisfied within their disposable income which in itself is for the betterment of society.

Moksha and Salvation

Since the fall of man and the manifestation of sin, a wedge was placed between God and man. Man has strived to establish a reconnection with God through a variety of sources. Salvation is the source or bridge that connects man to God. Every religion has its own philosophy concerning the path of salvation. â€Å"The goal of most Indian religions is to break the cycle of karma and samsara and be free from the burden of life. This breaking of life is called Moksha† (Hopfe & Woodard, 2009, [pg. 85]). Moksha is the Hindu term used which liberates the soul from karma . This liberation can be experienced through death or while one is yet living. In observing the Hindu concept of salvation in comparison to Christianity, there are some similarities as well as differences. It is the Hindu belief that salvation, referred to as Moksha â€Å"can be obtained through three paths: knowledge (inana), devotion (bhakti), ritual works or karma† (McDowell & Stewart, 2006). These are the three concepts that illustrate the differences and similarities in both religions of how salvation can be attained. In observing the similarities, the first similarity is the theory that salvation can be attained through knowledge. This type of knowledge is spiritual. In Hinduism it is believed that â€Å"Humans basic problem is not wickedness but ignorance. People are ignorant about the true nature of reality and believe that they are separated from Brahman† (Hope& Woodard, 2009, [pg. 105]). In the Hindu society, it is only when Moksha is obtained that one is able to see life from a clear perspective. According to Upanishads, â€Å"When true knowledge of the illusion of life is realized, one can be freed from the bondage of life and achieve unity with Brahman† (Hope& Woodard, 2009, [pg. 89]). In contrast, in Christianity Satan is referred to as a liar and a deceiver. It is his duty to distort the minds of God’s children and cause them to lose focus of their divine purpose on the earth. He creates the illusion that that there is no Hell and neither is there a God. Thus, many of God’s people continue to live destructive lifestyles as if they will live forever. The second similarity that both Christianity and Hinduism share is the belief that its liberation cannot be found in earthly things. Believers of both religions are challenged to disregard earthly things and esteem heavenly things. In a world that is so full of hate, suffering, misfortune and tragedy; people are on desperately searching to fill some type of void. From a Hindu perspective, â€Å"Humans do not recognize the Brahman but instead try to cling to the objects of life-which are like mirages-they keep slipping away from our grasp† (Hopfe &Woodard, 2009, [pg. 05]. Many Christians find themselves plagued with the same problem; they begin to chase after the things of the world rather than the things of God. Concerning material things Griffiths states, â€Å"There are four ends of life, pleasure (kama), wealth (artha), duty (dharma) and liberation. The modern world recognized the first three but has lost sight of the last, yet without this goal of final liberation, of ultimate transcendence, all the other goals lead to frustration. †¦. (Griffiths, 1982, pg. [66]). It is only when one comes to the realization that the world and all it has to offer is temporary, and can’t bring true fulfillment; will they then center their priorities on things eternal. Though the similarities of salvation are quite similar, when comparing both religions; there are also some major differences. One of the major differences between how both religions perceive salvation is that Hinduism teaches that salvation must be earned. The theory â€Å"what goes around, comes around is what the religion is centered around. Through karma, or doing good things; one can either gain salvation or escape reincarnation. However, Christianity teaches that all of our works are just like filthy rags. In Christianity it is taught that salvation is given through grace. Ephesians 2: 8-9 says, â€Å"For it is by grace you have been saved, through faith-and not this from yourselves, it is the gift of God- not by works, so that no one can boast† (NIV, 2007, Ephesians 2:8-9). The most profound difference is that that Hinduism recognizes no single path to gaining salvation As stated previously, â€Å"Moksha can be obtained through three paths: knowledge (inana), devotion (bhakti), ritual works or karma (McDowell & Stewart, 2006). Another method of attaining freedom is through the exercise of Yoga. Through various Yoga exercises one seeks to connect with Brahman. In contrast, the path to salvation in Christianity requires one simple confession; this confession is found in Romans 10:9: â€Å"That if you confess ith your mouth â€Å"Jesus is Lord† and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved† (NIV, 2007, Romans 10:9). Jesus Christ is the way to salvation none can attain it any other way, for He said, â€Å"I am the way, the truth and the life†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (NIV, 2007, John 14:6). In summary, the path to salvation is sought in various ways through both Hinduism and Christianity. Each individual in these religio ns are in search for something that they realize the world can’t offer. It is only when one understands this simple concept that the path to freedom begins.

Sustainable Housing in United Kingdom Dissertation

Sustainable Housing in United Kingdom - Dissertation Example The paper tells that due to the degradation of environment and depletion of resources the eco building concept has been developed. UK has been one of the major carbon dioxide emitters in Europe. Consequently the need for sustainable and low/zero carbon housing, has become the major concern of UK government. Government has started taking initiative accordingly and thus the concept of sustainable housing has been encouraged in UK. The people of United Kingdom have been getting lots of benefits from sustainable housing. United Kingdom has developed number of green and sustainable buildings. The aim behind sustainable housing is to protect the environment while achieving social and economic development of the country. The paper first elaborates the concept of Green Home or Sustainable housing. The need for switching to sustainable housing has also been discussed in the paper. The code of sustainable homes focuses on evaluating the homes on the benchmark of Building Research Establishment ’s Eco homes. Various types of sustainable constructions are mentioned in the research paper. Then the paper also discussed various energy resources as well as material useful for sustainable constructions. The discussion on the proper location for sustainable building, on the basis of different parameters, has also been included in our research paper. There are various types of sustainable housing which are mentioned in the paper. ... .........................................................................6 1.4. Definitions.............................................................................................6 1.5. Background of study.............................................................................7 1.6. Advantage of Study..............................................................................8 1.7. The need for the study of sustainable housing.....................................9 1.8. Objectives of the study........................................................................10 Chapter 2 2.1. Introduction.........................................................................................12 2.2. Sustainability in Constructing Houses................................................13 2.3. Principles of Sustainable Houses.......................................................15 2.4. Sustainability in current Constructing Houses....................................16 2.5. UK Best Pract ical Guideline...............................................................20 2.6. Legislation: Regulation Set by the Government.................................21 2.7. Code of Sustainable Homes (CSH)....................................................21 2.8. Carbon Reduction Commitment.........................................................25 2.9. Energy Performance Certificate.........................................................25 2.10. Types of Sustainable Constructions...................................................26 2.11. Renewable Energy Resources Suitable in the UK.............................27 2.12. Energy Efficient Material.....................................................................28 2.13. Choice of Location and

Corporate Governance and Ethical Responsibility Term Paper

Corporate Governance and Ethical Responsibility - Term Paper Example They can include the patients, surrounding community and government. However, this paper only focuses on three stakeholders: the employees, shareholders and the patients. As a hospital director, Dr. DoRight owes the stakeholders duty of loyalty in all aspects of the hospital performance. This duty requires that Dr. DoRight should act in the best interest of the shareholders and the hospital as an entity. The duty of loyalty also restricts Dr. DoRight to make him stay away from his personal interests and self dealing which can be at the expenses of the stakeholders. Dr. DoRight also owes the stakeholders duty of loyalty that dictates him not to enter into some acts that may help him receive personal benefits improperly and end up causing harm to the stakeholders and the hospital at large. To the patients, Dr. DoRight owes a duty of loyalty that requires him to act in good faith and care which any other prudent and ordinary person in the same position would accord in a similar situatio n in order to safeguard both the interest of the patients and the hospital (Martin, 2001). The duty of loyalty is also owed to the employees, especially in making decisions. Dr. DoRight is required to have his decisions made in good faith, being well informed and with honesty when dealing with the employees in order to safeguard their interests, as well as those of the hospital through the judgment rule of the business. In order to have this protection invoked, Dr. DoRight owes them the duty of information on all the reasonable material information available. The rule of business judgment may not protect Dr. DoRight when he has financial interests at a personal level in the transactions, fails to have information on the situations, is not independent, or fails to carryout the duty of loyalty and care. Dr. DoRight must make sure that he follows the standard of fairness to the hospital and all the stakeholders (Pickstock, 2007). Dr. DoRight as a director of the hospital has the duty t o facilitate the maximization of the shareholders’ wealth and enhance the interests of the shareholders. In summary, Dr. DoRight must ensure that maintains the rights of the shareholders and treats them equally, honor the interest of all other stakeholders like the patients, observes integrity and ethics in his duties, and remains transparent with all his actions. Question two Stakeholders have different interests in hospital. For instance, the shareholders who invested on the hospital are interested in the survival and profitability of the firm. They are classically concerned with the allocation of investment earnings and their residual earnings that is paid to the as dividends; the company management, including Dr. DoRight, is interested in the efficiency of the hospital in generating the profits. The general performance of the hospital is regarded as the effectiveness of management and can be observed by particular financial rations; the customers such as the patients are interested in the ability of the hospital to continue providing the health services to them; employees may be interested in high wages in order to keep their work running; suppliers on the other side want to see their products bought and paid for by the hospital and the lenders are interested in the liquidity position of the hospital to check if they will be paid in time; and the community in general is concerned with environmental

Conflicts of interest in nowadays business Essay

Conflicts of interest in nowadays business - Essay Example Primary interests include all the responsibilities a person has at work depending on his/her kind of activity. Secondary interests are personal purposes and wishes such as making career, money making, doing favors for relatives. Certainly, financial motives are the most widespread causes of conflict of interest occurrence. Actually, personal interests are natural as all the people have them; however, they can easily become obnoxious in case if their motivation becomes stronger in comparison with primary interests’ motivation. The conflict of interest may be frequently present in the dormant form, but it turns into the real conflict when the person is really strongly influenced by secondary interests. Thus, there is a notion â€Å"conflict in a conflict of interests†. It appears in case when the risk of acting following secondary interests is present. More general interpretation of conflict of interest states that it is the circumstances in which a person or a company us es the official authorities for personal advantage. Actually, only the presence of conflict of interest is not considered as bad behavior as this is natural that employees or executives do have conflict of interest sometimes. ... Really, as it was explained above, conflict of interest may be present but the fact of misdeed may be absent at the same time. Here it is essential to introduce the notion of â€Å"conflict of roles† when a person has two roles at once and they are conflicting. For example, he/she may have governmental position and may own stock at the same time. Such differing of roles sometimes can lead to misdeed and misuse. Conflicts of interests may have different forms. The first form is self-dealing conflict of interest when an individual who is working in one company has a deal with the individual from another company for his own advantage. The second form is connected to the conflict of roles when a person has two jobs and the interests of one contradict the interests of another. The next form is related to family interests when a person may give to his/her relative a desired and prestigious job or an individual may buy something from the company his relative works in. Another popular form is making presents to a person who you work with. One of the important purposes of political ethics is to regulate the conflicts of interests, because the primary task of governmental officials is to provide public service not taking into account their personal interests. â€Å"Where a  conflict  exists, it should be dealt with in a transparent and accountable way. Even the mere perception that a  conflict  of  interest  has influenced an outcome can undermine public confidence in an organization’s integrity.   Having a clear policy which details specific reporting procedures and staff who are fully aware  of  their obligations to disclose any  conflicts  of  interest are effective ways  of  ensuing that they are handled appropriately, before they give rise to

Monopoly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Monopoly - Essay Example It was unthinkable to make diamonds available to the general public. However, supply increased rapidly in 1867 when diamonds were first found in South Africa but until the present day the notion of diamond as a precious and rare commodity remains. Just like the gold miners in California, the diamond miners of South Africa were very attracted by the riches about diamond and tend to rush. But because of the scarcity of resourceful lands and problems with infrastructure and equipment, large scale digging was impossible. This gave the opportunity for businessmen like Cecil Rhodes to rent out pumping equipment and soon realized that he had tapped a vast market potential. By 1880, Rhodes held a large enough share of diamond claims to justify a separate company purely concerned with managing the mines: thus DeBeers Mining Company was created. By 1887, the company was the sole owner of South African diamond mines (Kretschmer, p.1). Ernest Oppenheimer, a German immigrant established himself a s a prominent figure in the South African diamond and gold industry in the following three decades. As a diamond expert, he entered the gold business, created the Anglo-American Corp. of South America and owned a dominant share of South Africa’s gold mines. With his greatest ambitions, he finally gained full control and ownership of DeBeers in 1926 and this was the start of De Beers as a monopoly. There are factors that made it possible for a certain company such as De Beers to be considered as monopoly in the industry. Market structures are determined according to the degree of difficulty of entry and exit in the industry and how their products are differentiated. Monopoly is a market structure characterized by having a single or sole producer of a unique product. This is very true for the De Beers, a Swiss-based company controlled by a South African corporation, as it is the only supplier of diamonds and controls the world’s

The Brand Promotion of Tesco in Beijing City, Research Proposal

The Brand Promotion of Tesco in Beijing City, - Research Proposal Example The research methodology is explained in terms of selection of the methodology, and the process employed for data collection, processing and analysis. The thesis of the research to be undertaken is the assessment of the brand promotion of Tesco in Beijing city, particularly related to the sales promotions strategy and tactics employed by the company to target the house wives segments for its products and services. The purpose of the proposed research study is to be able to analyze the marketing strategies that are employed by the retailer Tesco in China. More specifically the role of sales promotion as used by the company to target the housewives of the Beijing city is analyzed to determine the effectiveness of the sales promotion, the change in consumer perception due to promotions, the changes in the consumer behavior as a result of the promotion and the contribution that it makes to the overall brand persona of Tesco. 5. Recommend any possible marketing, advertising, branding and promotion strategies related to sales that can help Tesco better target their customers in China and attract them towards the products and services of the company The proposed research would be based on the concept of marketing management as highlighted by Kotler (1988) which is the process if applying the theories of marketing and the relevant strategies into the marketing techniques and actionable tasks for the promotion of a business. Another theoretical concept that is used by the proposed research is that of branding and brand management. Essentially a brand is a perception of a company or an entity in the minds of the consumer. However the management of the brand is an extension of marketing and is strategically linked with promotion. Aside from this the concepts of sales promotions, consumer behavior, consumer purchase behavior, consumer decision making process are also explored in the research in relation to how they influence the promotion strategy used by Tesco to target housewives in Beijing. The proposed research can provide to be significant for students, marketers, future researchers in the field of brand promotion and marketing as well as for the Tesco Company. The students can be provided with possible linkages between the sales promotion strategy of the company and the overall brand promotion of a brand. Moreover the promotion employed by brands in different markets can also be highlighted through the

Global Strategy Business Report TBS984 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Global Strategy Business Report TBS984 - Essay Example The best entry mode is forming a strategic alliance with Gulf Drilling International since it is less risky, less costly and will enable Nexus to control its operations, and gain more knowledge of Qatar market. The company must position itself as a technologically innovative oil and gas exploration company that is committed to ensuring sustainable communities. The company must localise the human resource management and marketing activities in order to enhance the reputation and gain higher market penetration. The objective of the report is to guide the Nexus Energy management in their global strategy through identifying Qatar as the appropriate target country, the attractiveness of the oil and gas industry in Qatar and strategic alliance with Gulf Drilling International as the best entry mode in Qatar foreign market. The report will entail a detailed analysis of the current international business and economic environment of Qatar, analysis of the attractiveness of the oil and gas industry and the economic viability of Qatar as the most preferred country. In addition, the report will cover strategic alliance as the most appropriate entry mode in Qatar and Nexus Energy Limited strategic positioning to compete successfully in the new industry. The last part will be the conclusion and recommendations to the management. Nexus Energy intends to expand its business to Qatar and desires to do so through forming a strategic alliance with a local firm. The selection of foreign market entry mode is influenced factors such as the associated costs, market risks and the need for control of the foreign operations. The report will rely on secondary data collection and analysis methods. The report will utilise academic literature, global strategy models and recent market data to determine the best country of foreign market entry and the best foreign company that Nexus

Field trip Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Field trip - Essay Example The road features supermarkets and roadside stations for travelers entering Blue Mountains via this method. At times, it is difficult to enter the Blue Mountains by road as there are many large vehicles which can hamper entrance and exit from the area, particularly tourist vehicles such as coaches and delivery vans for the many businesses in the area. Because of this factor, it is worth noting that the area is accessible by train and bus for those who don't wish to navigate the roads. The area is, however, very well signposted and this makes navigation from Sydney and beyond simple and finding routes between the individual attractions is also simple. Once in Blue Mountains, there are many different options for traveling around. There are dedicated buses and tours for tourists, as well as general public transport for city residents. There are also a number of scenic options; a walkway, a railway, a cableway and a skyway. These are all in place to provide great views to tourists. All o f these can be found in dedicated tourist maps online or in the information center located by the entrance to the Blue Mountains (see Appendix 1) On my trip to the area, I used the walkway and the Katoomba Scenic Railway, which is particularly notable for being the steepest railway in the world. As previously mentioned, the main point of this field trip was to see the Three Sisters, a famous sandstone rock formation in the area. The Three Sisters is part of an Aboriginal legend which suggests that three sisters from the local tribe fell in love with men from a neighboring tribe, something forbidden by tribal law. This led to a huge battle which resulted in the three sisters being turned to stone by an elder who was killed in the battle and unable to turn them back. Whilst this story itself perhaps is not a true example of Aboriginal legend, it adds a certain mystery and history to the area which is undeniable. It is possible to explore the area further by using the Giant Stairway, a nother major geological tourist attraction that leads to many of the nature walks that it is possible to undertake in the area. From a tourism point of view, the trip was well organized and enjoyable because of the sheer amount of information available both online and in the the local tourist office. It made the area easily navigable, and all the tourist attractions could easily by found using a map or one of the many tours and guides found in the area. This meant that much of the stress associated with traveling was removed, because there was no risk of being lost because of this useful signage and helpful staff and locals. From a personal point of view, the area was an example of breathtaking natural beauty and provided spectacular views as well as a lot of local history. Appendix 2 shows some of the views of the area. Literature Review As with any academic analysis, it is necessary to find theories and models to apply to the excursion to help fully understand the area and the tou rist potential. As previously mentioned, Blue Mountain is well signposted and has good transport links both to and within the area. This has been shown to be an important factor in increasing local tourism by the by the GJM council (2002). This study shows that giving good transport li

Social Psychology Essay Example for Free

Social Psychology Essay The external validity of all of these studies has come under attack in recent years. The research may show that under experimental conditions, subjects fall into the categories of intervener or non-intervene fairly easily, but there is no evidence to suggest that these results can be generalised. Huston, Ruggiero, Conner and Geis (1981) address these issues. They also refer to the murder of Kitty Genovese but criticise previous studies for a lack of external validity. Specifically, they cite four major concerns over the extent to which the findings can be generalised. Firstly, Huston et al comment that ethical guidelines prevent experimenters from reproducing realistic experimental environments. Thus, the research is based on simulated events, usually using a group of students. Secondly, no research has ever investigated the situation whereby the bystander becomes an involved participant in the violent incident. According to Huston et al this avoids the issue of how the bystander can actually change the course of events. Thirdly, there has been a lack of focus on the effects of violent and criminal emergencies (understandably perhaps) and this means that the research does not correlate with real life situations. Huston et al (1981) argue that previous research has explored the role of personality traits in the potential to intervene. Huston et als study attempts to rectify these limitations and provide a more comprehensive account of real life acts of heroism. In doing so they provide a completely different framework through which to analyse bystanders at crime scenes. They measured three different areas which may account for intervention; exposure to crimes and emergencies,[relevant] competencies and skills,inclination to intervene. (1981, p. 15). Therefore, instead of using emotional, almost Freudian cues as were used in previous research, Huston et al choose cognitive cues and appear to view the individual as a rational and practical decision-maker. Huston et al reported that several factors increased the probability that any individual would intervene to help a stranger, Exposure to crime in the past was a significant factor, but more so, was the individuals perceived competence to intervene. Also those who intervened tended to be heavier and taller than the non-interveners. This suggests that a key factor in the decision making process of the individual is whether they perceive themselves as being capable of making a difference. Interestingly, Huston et al found no significant difference in the personality traits of the two groups of those who intervened and those who did not. They do however, suggest that further studies could include groups of subjects that are matched for their exposure to crime. They also comment that their sample and the samples of other similar studies may not be representative because those who do not intervene, for reasons of social desirability to not come forward in order for their experience to be examined and accounted for. This study goes some way in accounting for real life acts of heroism. It presents a naturalistic setting, which the previous studies neglected to provide, and suggests some plausible accounts for bystander intervention and acts of heroism. However, the majority of studies do not seem to account for cases of extreme altruism that take place in real life. Many go some way to explaining why many people do not intervene to help others. Self-interest appears to dominate all explanations. As Batson (1994) comments, the main assumption in most research into bystander intervention is that all human action is ultimately directed toward self-interest. (p. 603), and yet we still persist in volunteering, contributing and rescuing. Altruism is a paradox which defies biological explanation. Laboratory research into bystander intervention goes some way to accounting for acts of heroism but still fails to explain the point in our evolution where we began to perform acts of complete selflessness. References Batson, C.D. (1994). Why act for the public good? Four Answers. In Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, pp. 603-610Â  Brown, R. (1986) Social Psychology: The Second Edition. Free Press. Â  Darley, J.M. and Batson, C.D. (1973). From Jerusalem to Jericho : A study of situational and dispositional variables in helping behaviour. In Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, pp. 100-108.

The Myth Of Bigfoot

The Myth Of Bigfoot Bigfoot, is he real or is he just a myth and hoax. Some call it Bigfoot and others call it Sasquatch, but no matter what you call he is real and not just a hoax. The legend of Bigfoot goes as far back as ancient Indian tribes. There is not a lot of evidence on Bigfoots existence how ever the evidence that does exist is enough to convince people that he is real. If you dont believe in Bigfoot im not going to tell you that you are wrong, I just want to tell the other side and hopefully convince the non believers that Bigfoot is not a hoax. There are certain things that one should hear about Bigfoot before making the conclusion that he is fake. Bigfoot is just a large bipedal ape, who can be traced back to other bipedal apes who existed hundreds of years ago. The history behind Bigfoot goes back as far to Indigenous populations and ancient Indian tribes. Tribes such as the Hopis, Seeahtik, Spokane, Lokota, and tribes in Canada (just to name a few) all have stories that have been passed down that describe Hairy man like creatures. It has the same description that Bigfoot has now in the present time. They did not mistake this creature for another animal like a bear, deer, or a wolf, because they have words and stories about those as well. They also have painting that resemble a large hairy man that looks like an ape. Totem poles older than 500 years with Bigfoot creatures carved into them. The first recorded Bigfoot sighting occurred in British Columbia in 1772 from a Spanish explorer who was exploring parts of Canada. The name Bigfoot became popular in 1958 after a picture appeared in the newspaper of a man named Jerry Crew holding a plastic cast of a footprint. It was a cast of Sasquatchs foot. Due to the size of the print the media began to refer to the creature that created them as Bigfoot and the name has stuck ever since. There are people who study Bigfoot and other mysterious creatures. This field of study is called Cryptozoology, which means the study of hidden animals. They call the creatures the study cryptids These range from animals/creatures that are thought to be extinct or still walk among us. They can be animals, mammals, reptiles, insects, and even dinosaurs. Cryptozoolgy is not thought of a real field of scientific study among most of the scientific community. What is Bigfoot? Bigfoot is described as a large bipedal humanoid. Bipedal apes have existed in the past. Australopithecus is a bipedal ape that existed a few million years ago. The most well known of these is one they call Lucy and most recently Ardi. Bipedal apes have existed before and Bigfoot is a bipedal ape that exists today. Bigfoot stands between 6 and 8 feet tall and weighs between 400 and 900 pounds. Has dark brown, black, and dark reddish fur/hair. It has a pronounced brow line/ridge, large low-set forehead, and the tops of its head has a crest similar to that of a gorillas. Bigfoot is said to have an unpleasant smell. The smell is that of wet dog and skunk, its very distinct and strong smelling. Bigfoots most famous attribute is of course his big feet. His feet can range anywhere from 12-24 inches long can be up to 8 inches wide. Bigfoot is basically a large monkey or ape that has adapted to walk upright on two feet just like Australopithecus did. Bigfoot lives almost everywhere in the world. There have been sightings on every continent, except Antarctica. Sighting in every State in the US except Hawaii. A lot of sightings out of the United states mainly occur in British Columbia with 115 reported/documented sightings with the last one in February 2010. Ontario has a lot at 61 last recorded July 2009. Colorado is one of the places in the united states with a lot of sightings at 106 with last sighing in September of 2009. With most sighting in Park and Teller county. Different places around the world call Bigfoot by different names however they are all the same idea. Bigfoot /Sasquatch Is not to be confused with the Yeti, the snow monster who resides in the Himalayan mountain region. He lives in very rural areas of the world. Surrounded by trees and lots of foliage. Typically in the mountains where it is easy to find food and shelter or hide. He is thought to live in caves and structures that occur naturally in mountains and in rock structures. The same type of shelter other animals such as bears would use. He also makes nests or huts. There have been a few Bigfoot nests or huts found, and are specifically designed for a Bigfoot. They are made from branches and sticks and have an entrance that is unusually big for a human but it seemed big enough or a Bigfoot to fit and live in. They have been found in places that have no trace of a human and they way its built suggests that it was built by something larger that a human. No one can confirm what bigfoot eats since no one has had the chance to study it. But it is commonly thought that bigfoot eats whats around him. Plants, fruits, and maybe small animals like rabbits and squirrels. There is no real hard evidence of Bigfoot like bones or a body, but there are videos, pictures, footprints, hair samples, and countless number of sightings. Bigfoot footprints were the first pieces of evidence to stir up the controversy over Bigfoot. The first footprints to become widely introduced to the public were the Yeti tracks found near Mt. Everest by Eric Shipton. These tracks caused more interest in the Bigfoot tracks in North America. Some of the most famous tracks were found by a man named Jerry Crew. He was a bulldozer operator who made the cast of the footprint at Bluff Creek in 1958. He found it near the construction site at Louse Camp. A lot of these foot prints have been proven to be fake, but more often they have be proven to be unknown species. These footprints have been found all over the world. Most of these footprints can be fake or hoaxed. They are found in very remote parts of the wilderness where people dont go. It is unlikely that a person planted a fake foot print in the middle of nowhere. They are found by hikers and explorers who just happen to come upon them. It would be hard to place a footprint without making one with your own feet. Especially the Yeti track found in the Himalayas. Pictures are the most unreliable form of evidence in the Bigfoot mystery. There are tons of Bigfoot photos out there and many of them are fake. The photos can easily be manipulated or edited to resemble or make what people will say is Bigfoot. They are just an unreliable source which is not a good thing when trying to prove that Bigfoot is real. The only pictures that I and most can say are credible are pictures taken from the videos of Bigfoot. The most famous picture is taken from the 1967 video shot by Rodger Paterson. Its frame 352 the famous look back frame it shoes Bigfoot walking in front of the camera and looking back. Has not been proven to be fake or a hoax. Pictures can be misleading because a lot of them turn out to be not Bigfoot but other animals or even trees and plants. Some animals most commonly mistaken in pictures are bears and deer. They can be hidden in the background so they can be blurry and possibly resemble a Bigfoot. People often take pictures at strange cam era angles which can make things deceiving and turn what is a normal tree or animal into something that looks nothing like it. Sometimes the photographer can catch the animal in some unnatural position which leads to confusion and people saying that is a Bigfoot. Bears are commonly mistaken due to their size, shape, color, smells and the noises that they can make. Hair samples are the least common type of evidence. There have been a few samples found and only a few have been proven unknown DNA and species. Most of the time they turn out to be from another animal in the area or synthetic hair. Video evidence is the one piece of evidence that is the most controversial and the most widely recognized. There are many videos that capture Bigfoot and there are a few that have become famous around North America. Some of the videos have been proven to be fake but there are a few that have yet to be proven fake. The most famous and well known video of Bigfoot is the Paterson and Gimlin film. After the rise of Bigfoot in North America Paterson and Gimlin began to do their own research and became fascinated by Bigfoot. It was taken October 20, 1967 in Bluff Creek. Same area that the Jerry Crew foot prints had been found. In the early afternoon Paterson and Gimlin spotted what they believed to be a female Bigfoot. Patersons horse was alarmed at the sight of the creature and threw him to the ground. Patterson was an experienced horse man so he was able to quickly gain control and grab hi camera a 16mm hand-held Kodak movie camera. Patterson took 24 feet of color film footage. They esti mated the creature to be 7 feet 3 ÂÂ ½ inches tall, and weighing about 700 pounds. Left footprints 14 ÂÂ ½ long by 6 inches wide. Had made an agreement not to shoot it unless in self defense, and they also decided not to follow the Bigfoot fearing a confrontation with it and perhaps others of its kind. This film has been studied numerous amount of times and has not been proven fake. There have been attempts to recreate it and to debunk the video but no has successfully done it. Rodger Patterson died January 15, 1972 and he took it to his grave that what he saw was indeed Bigfoot. Bob Gimlin who now live in Yakima also denies that the video was a hoax and is 100% that what they saw that day was Bigfoot. The Memorial Day Bigfoot video was shot May 26, 1996 at Chopaka Lake, Okanogan County Washington. Filmed by Loir Pate while on a fishing trip. Shows Bigfoot running across a hill then disappearing behind a slop the reappearing again before disappearing behind the trees. This video has also been reviewed and studied and has also not been proven to be a hoax. It has been tested to see if a human could match the stride and the speed while running across a hill. Derek Prior a three time All-American sprinter form the University of Washington ran the same route to determine if the running speed of the creature was too fast for a human to duplicate. He was able to run the same path at 17.1 mph and a stride of 6.8 feet. The creature in the film ran about 8.53 mph and had a stride of 4.25 feet. This was calculated by using fixed objects to determine the speed. This did not prove that it was a hoax however it raised more questions about why the creature had such a short stride. One mystery is that at the end of the footage the creature appears to grow taller by 8 inches. Some experts and witness say that it was a young Bigfoot that was put on the shoulders of the larger one, why and how no one really knows why. This could also explain the short strides and slow running speed to the creature. The Paul Freeman video is one of the other most viewed and studied videos. Paul Freeman was an avid Bigfoot hunter and Cryptozoologist. He had claimed to find Bigfoot tracks with dermal ridges. The casts were convincing enough to be considered critical pieces of evidence. Studied by Grover Krantz and Jeff Meldrum of Idaho State University. On June 10, 1982 Freeman spotted a Bigfoot near Walla Walla, Washington being nearly 8 feet tall and covered in reddish brown fur. In 1994 Freeman was in the Blue Mountain regions in Oregon. It shows a Bigfoot walking in the forest through the trees. The footage is considered to be Authentic many Bigfoot enthusiasts and hunters but it is considered too low resolutions to conclusive. The thing that make this video so compelling is that Freeman says that there might be two Big feet walking around and its hard to see but you can barely pick out two shapes in the forest. This has not been proven to be two or just something else. Paul Freeman died at th e age of 59 from complications of diabetes, and he never once denied that Bigfoot wasnt real. Two other popular videos are the Harley Hoffman video and the British Columbia snow walker video. The Harley Hoffman video shows Bigfoot walking almost directly in front of the camera. Not much is known about Harley Hoffman and his video except that no one has proven that its fake and more and more people are considering this video to be the real thing. The British Columbia Snow walking video is also another video with not much information or background connected to it. It depicts a Bigfoot or walking through the snow. Not proven to be fake but is another video where the resolution is too low quality to determine much. The three videos that in my mind are 100% real and not hoaxed are Paterson and Gimlim film, the Memorial Day footage, and the Paul Freeman video. None of these videos have been proven fake. Video is the best evidence there is to back up the statement that bigfoot is real. Foot prints and hair samples are also big pieces of evidence to consider in the mystery of Bigfoot . All of this evidence can be hoaxed from videos to foot prints, so why do people do this. Some do it just to make a point in saying that you are wrong for believing it. Some think that they can just make a buck off it and want to try to become famous. Many people have a hard time believing in Bigfoot saying that it is impossible for it to survive in the regions it lives in. Some people even take bones that were from Baboons and Gorillas and claim it was form a Bigfoot. People who dont believe in the theory of evolution have a very hard time believing that there is a bipedal human like ape walking among us. Do gorillas live in the jungle? Yes they do , so why cant another ape like creature live in the woods and forests around the world? We know that gorillas exist and we know that chimpanzees can walk on two feet sometimes. To put it in easiest way possible, Bigfoot or Sasquatch is just another species of monkey who can walk on two feet just like Australopithecus and homo-sapiens that lives in the dense wooded areas of our mountains and forests. It is just a species of animal that is hard to study because it is so elusive. There are new species of animal that we have yet to discover and every once in a while a new one turns up and Bigfoot is one of those rare species that no one knows much about. People are afraid of the unknown. Bigfoot or Sasquatch is an ape like creature who is not a myth it is real and

Beloved :: essays research papers

Beloved is a novel set in Ohio during 1873, several years after the Civil War. The book centers on characters that struggle to keep their painful recollections of the past at bay. The whole story revolves around issues of race, gender, family relationships and the supernatural, covering two generations and three decades up to the 19th century. Concentrating on events arising from the Fugitive Slave Act of 1856, it describes the consequences of an escape from slavery for Sethe, her children and Paul D. The narrative begins 18 years after Sethe's break for freedom. The women in the house knew it and so did the children...by 1873 Sethe and her daughter Denver were its only victims". The novel is divided into three parts. Each part opens with statements to indicate the progress of the haunting--from the poltergeist to the materialized spirit to the final freeing of both the spirit and Sethe. These parts reflect the progressive of a betrayed child and her desperate mother. Overall s ymbolizing the gradual acceptance of freedom and the enormous work and continuous struggle that would persist for the next 100 years. Events that occurred prior and during the 18 years of Sethe's freedom are slowly revealed and pieced together throughout the novel. Painfully, Sethe is in need of rebuilding her identity and remembering the past and her origins: "Some things just stay. I used to think it was my rememory. You know. Some things you forget. Other things you never do. But it's not. Places, places, are still there. If a house burns down it's gone, but the place--the picture of it--stays, and not just in rememory, but out there in the world". Baby Suggs' horror at her grandchild's murder is displayed: "Baby Suggs had got the boys inside and was bathing their heads, rubbing their hands, lifting their lids, whispering, Within this horror, the insensitivity of her landlord is shown when Baby Suggs is approached by her landlord's kids regarding fixing some shoes, not knowing and not caring to know they just give her the shoes: "Baby Suggs ... She took the shoes from him...saying, 'I beg your pardon. Lord, I beg your pardon. I sure do" Paul D's memories of Sweet Home are remembered to confront his and Sethe's past: "Paul D smiled then, remembering the bedding dress. Sethe was thirteen when she came to Sweet Home and already iron-eyed" these various voices act as witnesses to Sethe's experiences and showing how black women had no control over their husbands, children or own bodies.

Mary Barton by Elizabeth Gaskel Essay -- Papers

Mary Barton by Elizabeth Gaskel Elizabeth Gaskell's Nineteenth Century novel, Mary Barton, is an example of social realism in its depiction of the inhumanities suffered by the impoverished weavers of Manchester, England. The main story in Mary Barton is that of the honest, proud and intelligent workingman so embittered by circumstances and lack of sympathy that he finally murders a mill owner's son as an act of representative vengeance. In growing embittered, he becomes as a natural consequence, more isolated in his community; both humanity and faith lose their power to guide him. Mary Barton, his daughter, really loves Jem Wilson, who is arrested after having threatened the murdered man for trying to seduce Mary, and it is her efforts that produce the melodramatic last minute evidence that saves him. Against the novelistic background of this murder and the central love stories, Mrs. Gaskell outlines her main themes of life in Manchester during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution and of the conditions that initiated the Chartist Movement. Thus, the historical background of Mary Barton is as much, if not more important than its strictly novelistic aspects. Manchester becomes a symbol of the outrageous conditions endured by the laborers, instead of a real city in itself. It is always grimy, oppressive, and ugly, just like the lives of its inhabitants. The only detail the author gives us is with the individual homes, not with the city itself. It is almost as if she were afraid of impairing the city's inherent symbolism by describing any actual streets or shops. Even when wealth is shown, as with the Carsons, the setting is still ugly and drab; the only difference is that the drabness has been made comfor... ... led up to the Chartist Movement. Despite the author's concentration on the social aspects of the situation, she has nonetheless succeeded in providing us with the main points of the new economy and its laws. Mary Barton tells the story from the laborer's point of view, but we are not without knowledge of the mill owner's side of it either, especially through the philosophical wisdom of Job Legh. In her attempts to present the plight of the laborer in Manchester, Elizabeth Gaskell has not neglected to make us understand the importance and significance of the industrial movement, as well as the great possibilities it possessed. It is, perhaps, a dated novel. However, it is important in its delineation of the social, political, and economic forces that were at work in England from 1835 -- 1850, and it is an attempt to bring them all into harmonious focus.

A Demon Haunted World Essay -- essays research papers

A Demon Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark Well I can certainly see why this book was rated with five stars. I found Sagan’s book, â€Å"A demon Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark† one of the most eye-opening books that I have read in a very long time. I must admit that when this book was first presented to me I doubted just how great this would be. Here in my head I was thinking â€Å"Okay I don’t want to read a book about engineering I want to do engineering.† But the thought process went on and I must admit it was well worth reading this book. Although the book was slow to begin, as most books are, the pace picked up and took me right along for the ride.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main theme of this book was how much science not only opens are minds but also how much science influences our lives. I liked the example that Sagan uses close to the beginning of this story of how he was at a gathering and asked everyone in the room how many of them had not been helped someway in their lives by science. I thought the fact that only one person raised their hand was a good way of showing just how influential science is in everyone’s lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I think that there could also be another theme for this book. The other theme I saw to be very present throughout the book was the mere fact that science alone can not necessarily answer questions but can give the flaws to someone’s story. I am very interested in and have been a strong belie...

Racism In Breath, Eyes, Memory

The focal point of this paper is to evaluate and analyze the aspects of racism and racial discrimination in Edwidge Danticat’s Breath, Eyes, Memory, published by Vintage in May 18, 1998. This is the story of discrimination that details the life of a black immigrant girl. It would be narrated and discussed in the paper the basic aspects of racism and the elements that are investigated and represented in the text by the author. Thus it becomes mandatory to understand the different aspects of racial discrimination in view of the story and beyond.It can be stated that in this text the Haitian culture is narrated in a sensitive and insightful new voice where the narrator Sophie mentions that â€Å"I come from a place where breath, eyes and memory are one, a place where you carry your past like the hair on your head†. (Danticat, 34) The parameters of life are well developed with the arrival into a new land, the US. Here in the story we find the author’s view of this ne w culture is realized and exhaled in the alignment of the existing menace of racial discrimination.This is also a story where a girl under difficult circumstances moves into adulthood to distinguish between freedom and discrimination. It can well be stated that a completely color blind society is what that is most welcomed in a democratic form of government but despite every sort of constitutional rights and social enigma the curse of racism continues to dominate even the most developed and civilized states of the world. This racism is not only confined within the socio- economically backward section of the population but has crept into various strata of the society and institutions, no matter private or public, are no exceptions.The parameters of racism states that humans are separated into various groups in the belief that some people are superior because they belong to a particular ethnic or national group. It could be summarized that racism is the result of having negative judgm ents, beliefs, and feelings towards certain identifiable groups. (Bell, 271-3) This is clearly seen in the text time and again. However, the book starts off with a wonderful solace and tranquility where we find Sophie in a calm environment where â€Å"a flattened and drying daffodil was dangling off the little card that I had made my aunt Atie for Mother's Day†.(Danticat, 3) But soon it was found that as soon as the motherless child moved to US to live with her mother after 12 years she found that life was much different and her skin color was to be blamed for that. Sexual abuse and rape came as an evident menace of the community and hardships were all along the line. Economic invalidity was a fact that each member of the community lived and this was more unbearable with the oppressed community being discriminated in the social context.If we look closely enough, we would find that during the 19th and the early part of 20th century it was the times of building, developing and sustaining a huge empire, later known as colonies, by the major players of the European politics. It should also be noted that this period, the 19th and the early part of 20th century, was also the fallout period of the essence of industrial revolution. Industrial revolution freed the entrepreneurs from the usual bondage of traditional economy and for the general it was the time for a new social bondage free from the earlier pseudo- feudal economic system.But all these developments also brought in new learning and new ideologies where ideas of human rights occupied a major role and were easy to come by with its influence. In this context and social structure it would have been very hard to digest the ideals of imperial expansions through the method of brutal strength. (Dollard, 116-7) This hard pill of ‘colonialism with brutality’ needed some spooning with sweetness to become a favorable aromatic digestible element for the general people of the imperial states.As a resu lt this phrase ‘white man’s burden’ came into existence as a remedy to the enlightens of the industrial revolution and people were ready to buy this theory as this theory easily softened the guilt feeling of the educated class and apparently justified the brutal acts and decisions taken to control and cover the colonial agitations. It is not that the leaders of men and the men of their leaders never knew what was really going wrong in these colonies but kept both eyes blind towards these acts.This is because all of them and all the way they knew everything they did and everything they knew about the colonies were either immoral or tampered to the extent of fallacy but could never digest the fact as it was too decadent for their psyche. (Border, 375) As for in the sector of employment it has been seen time and again that there is a system working as an open secret that discriminate colored or immigrants with job opportunity and salary. This discrimination is based on not only color or political distinction but also is depended upon other factors like class, creed, cast, religion, sex and even ideology.The sufferings of Sophie as a part of this backward class were the result of all these culminations. But hope lived on as ever. This aspect of hope is well placed in the story in the metaphor of lottery tickets that Sophie’s aunt use to buy without ever gaining anything. According to Sophie â€Å"She said that lottery was like love. Providence was not with her but she was patient. † (Danticat, 6) However, it should be mentioned that all the sufferings and everything that has been stated above is a part of an ideology that the racist believe to be of ultimate truth.Of course, people acting as a racist never consider themselves a raciest as this idea of racism generally stands as a contrast with the idea of democracy but deep inside each of these individuals know that racism exists. All these members of the society, a cross section of every class and morality, exist in the most democratic format of state and a member of the state they contribute their portion of racist feeling to the society and the white characters in the story hardly feels anything special about their deed or any special essence that they were actually doing any wrong.It was more like their system. (Brundage, 145-7) This goes through a snowball effect of which the ultimate result comes out as a cumulative act of racist behavior. This is the prime reason of Institutional Racism and the above stated facts are its impact on education, employment and health. It should be remembered that no one person could be treated or marked as a racist but the society, or better say sociological impacts, shape each of them to this finishing line. It must be stated in this context that the greatest racist in history Adolph Hitler did exactly that.He incorporated racism within the cross section of the German mass against the Jews though various methods like usi ng media to his benefit and through overwhelming oratory. His views as a racist seeped into the general German mass that ultimately helped him to perform the notorious genocide killing 5 million Jews. The idea of racial discrimination through methodical racial institutionalization of education, employment and health was put into the ultimate practice with fearful results. (Cunningham, 24-5)Like Sophie’s aunt, and the essence of the story, we are also part of a dream of the cohesive community that exhibits some basic features. Firstly, such a community has a common aspiration, which is shared by all the citizens of the community. As a result, each member feels as much a part of it as the other. Secondly, despite the common vision a cohesive community continues to respect the unique character of all the sub-communities and each individual member. Thirdly, a cohesive community allows equal opportunities to everybody.Lastly, it should be mentioned that in a cohesive community str ong interpersonal bonds are formed, even between individuals with dissimilar backgrounds, in social settings such as the neighbourhood, schools, colleges and offices. For long, people have dreamt of a society that contains no bar on the basis of being different from the main stream. But ultimately, it has been found that a dream like this is no more than a fallacy and this dream of a colorblind society has been proved to be a patch of utopia. (Dos, 47-48) Works Cited: Danticat, Edwidge; Breath, Eyes, Memory; New York: Vintage; May 18, 1998Bell, L; Man, Society and Management Techniques (New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 2006) pp 271-3 Border, S; Human Resource Strategies: Games People Play (Remote Publishing Trust; 2004) pp 375 Brundage, C; Community Law and the Crusaders of Community (HBT Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 2000) pp 145-7 Cunningham, S A; Introduction to Sociology (DLTT Publications Ltd. 2006) pp 24-5 Dos, M; Advent of Motivation (Alliance Publications; 2007) pp 47-48 Dollard, John; Zenith and Zero Point (New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 2004) pp 116-7

Is Deception ever Justified Essay

There are many points of view on the justification of deception. Some argue that deception is never something that should be used, or accepted in society. People sometimes force themselves to tell the truth even in situations where it can cause more problems than a lie. This can be viewed as the right thing to do because the general norm in society is to always tell the truth. And even though on the outside we all say that we are honest and truthful people, deep down we all lie every now and then. Whether it be to get out of a sticky situation or to prevent an overall worse outcome. As human beings we tend to strive for perfection, and part of being perfect means we are honest. Honesty is something that everyone possesses, but it is not something that we all use in general. People should not strive for perfection because the truth is, none of us are perfect and none of us can ever be completely honest one hundred percent of the time. Some of us have to lie it’s part of our brain that just wants to do what is best for you and the people around you, whether it is telling the truth or a lie. Deception can be justified because it is the higher ethical choice for us to lie for the benefit of ourselves or others, and it can be highly beneficial to tell a lie than expose a harmful truth. It is commonly the higher ethical choice for someone to stray from the truth to benefit themselves or others because most of the time the truth can mean bad things and as people we try to avoid those bad things. It can be said that it is wrong to lie just because you are trying to get yourself or others out of trouble. In some cases this is true, for example if someone commits a felony and truly deserves justice.

Transportation in the Philippines

About 14 percent of the 158,810 km (98,110 mi) of roads in the Philippines are paved, this is in spite of the difficult mountainous terrain. In Metro Manila, there are many modes of transportation available. Buses, jeepneys, LRT, and taxis are readily available for use in getting around the city. Buses are available with air-conditioning or without. The price for riding in air-conditioning is about double what you would pay for riding without and use certain main routes. There are also charter bus lines available for those wanting to travel outside Manila. The most popular mode of transportation in Manila is the jeepney. As the name implies, it is basically a colorful jeep that looks like those used by the Americans during World War II. They have regular stops, as do buses, but will also stop if they are flagged down. Taxis are air-conditioned and can be found practically anywhere in Manila. On occasion a driver will say his meter is broken, if so, traveler beware! It is time to get out and find another taxi, as you will probably get overcharged by this scam. If a person traveling to the Philippines wishes to travel by car, but not in a taxi, they can rent a car, but need to have a valid international drivers license. For travelers staying in deluxe hotels, many offer limousine services. The LRT (Light Rail Transit) is the best way to get downtown and get around in Manila. It's relatively inexpensive and is very fast. In addition, the PRN (Philippine National Railways), which run by the state, is also an option for those traveling out of Manila. Railroad tracks cover about 1,060 km (660 mi) of the Philippines, and is limited due to its being mainly on Luzon. An option for traveling between the islands is to use ferries. For travelers not wishing to be on water, airline travel is another option since there are over 40 major provincial airports. The Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) is just a kilometer from the Manila Domestic Airport and is about 7 miles from the center of Manila. NAIA also has many amenities from a medical clinic to banks and postal service in addition to duty-free shops, souvenir shops, tourist information centers and more. The airport in Cebu, Mactan International Airport (MIA), is about 45 minutes from the city's center and has duty-free shops, tourist information centers like the major airports in Manila. Roughly a fourth of the airports in the Philippines have paved runways – out of 262 airports, 75 runways are paved. PAL, the Philippines Airlines, is the national air carrier and serves Manila with links to 12 cities in 7 countries. It also has daily routes to 17 local cities. Major airlines from other countries also serve Manila. In addition, Cebu has chartered flights from Japan, Hong Kong and Singapore. For chartered travel to smaller locations, there are several carriers available – Cebu Pacific, Asian Spirits, Mindanao Express Airlines, and SEAir, Incorporated. Cruise ships are served by Manila, with inter-island ships connecting Manila to other major island ports. The busiest seaports are Manila, Cebu, Iloilo, Davao, Cagayan de Oro and Zamboanga which are a part of the 3,219 km of waterways and seaports.

Li-Fi Technology Essay

I. Introduction Li-Fi or Light Fidelity is a technology that uses light emitting diodes to transmit data wirelessly. It was first demonstrated at a TED talk in 2011 by German physicist Harald Haas. This is a free band that does not need any license. Hence it is cheaper than Wi-FI. Wi-Fi, is a popular technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data or connect to the internet  wirelessly using radio waves the visible light spectrum is larger than the radio spectrum which provides better flexibility in its use. Communications over a very high speed with a theoretical limit of 10 GB per second. The technology is capable of transferring thousands of streams of data simultaneously, in parallel, at higher speeds, with the help of special modulation, using a unique signal processing technology. The term Li-Fi was first used in this context by Harald Haas in his TED Global talk on Visible Light Communication. â€Å"At the heart of this technology is a new generation of high brightness light-e mitting diodes†, says Harald Haas from the University of Edinburgh, UK,† Very simply, if the LED is on, you transmit a digital 1, if it’s off you transmit a 0,†Haas says, â€Å"They can be switched on and off very quickly, which gives nice opportunities for transmitted data†. Fig.1 Harald Haas It is possible to encode data in the light by varying the rate at which the LEDs flicker on and off to give different strings of 1s and 0s.The LED intensity is modulated so rapidly that human eye cannot notice, so the output appears constant. With the use of light radiating diodes Li-Fi technology transfers data through wireless. Li-Fi is a new exemplar for photosensitive wireless technology to provide unprecedented connectivity within a localized data centric environment. There has been a complete shift in wireless technology due to increase demand Li-Fi is such a free band which is license free that is why it is less at cost than Wi-Fi. With the use of special intonation using a distinctive signal processing technology thousands of streams of data can be transferred simultaneously at higher speed. Li- Fi is useful in aircraft because the lights present above head can be used for data transmission. It is useful in controlling traffic at traffic signals as it communicates with LED li ghts of cars. Where there is difficult to amateur optical fibers LI-Fi is used. The new Li-Fi technology can be well managed very easily and it is pretty simple. At one corner you will be having a led which will be working as a light source and on the other corner a Light Sensor or a photo detector. Light Sensor detect light as soon as the LED light starts glowing and will give an output of either binary1 or binary0. [pic] Fig.2 Li-Fi Environment If the LED is on, you transmit a digital 1, if it’s off you transmit a 0. What is VLC? Visible light communication (VLC)-â€Å"A potential solution to the global wireless spectrum shortage† Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) is a fast and cheap optical version of Wi-Fi, the technology of which is based on Visible Light Communication (VLC).VLC is a data communication medium, which uses visible light between 400 THz (780 nm) and 800 THz (375 nm) as optical carrier for data transmission and illumination. It uses fast pulses of light to transmit information wirelessly. Li-Fi Technology at a Glance! The LED bulb will hold a micro-chip that will do the job of processing the data. The light intensity can be manipulated to send data by tiny changes in amplitude. This technology uses visible spectrum of light, a part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is still not greatly utilized. In fact the technology transfers thousands of streams of data simultaneously, in parallel, in higher speeds with the help of special modulation, using a unique signal processing technology. Some Points of Li-Fi The light used to transmit the data is called D-light by Harald Hass, the inventor of Li-Fi. In future data for laptops, Smartphone’s, and tablets can be transmitted through the light in a room by using Li-Fi. Security would be a snap—if you can’t see the light, you can’t access the data. II. CONSTRUCTION The LI-FI product consists of 4 primary sub-assemblies: †¢ Bulb †¢ RF power amplifier circuit (PA) †¢ Printed circuit board (PCB) †¢ Enclosure The PCB controls the electrical inputs and outputs of the lamp and houses the microcontroller used to manage different lamp functions. An RF (radio-frequency) signal is generated by the solid-state PA and is guided into an electric field about the bulb. The high concentration of energy in the electric field vaporizes the contents of the bulb to a plasma state at the bulb’s center; this controlled plasma generates an intense source of light. All of these subassemblies are contained in an aluminum enclosure †¢ FUNCTION OF THE BULB:- At the heart of LI-FI is the bulb sub-assembly where a sealed bulb is embedded in a dielectric material. This design is more reliable than conventional light sources that insert degradable electrodes into the bulb. The dielectric material serves two purposes; first as a waveguide for the RF energy transmitted by the PA and second as an electric field concentrator that focuses energy in the bulb. The energy from the electric field rapidly heats the material in the bulb to a plasma state that emits light of high intensity and full spectrum. The design and construction of the LI-FI light source enable efficiency, long stable life, and full spectrum intensity that is digitally controlled and easy to use. â€Å"There are over 14 billion light bulbs worldwide, they just need to be replaced with LED ones that transmit data†. III. HOW LI-FI WORKS? [pic] Fig. 3 block diagram of Li-fi communication In order to know the working of Li-fi we need to know the necessity for Li-fi .With the vast development in living the use of gadgets and invention of new gadgets is increasing which lead to the technological developments. There are many situations in which people get frustrated with the dull performance signals of Wi-Fi at a place with many network connections in seminars conferences etc. Li fi fulfils these needs .this fantabulous idea first  striked the mind of Harald Haas from University of Edinburgh, UK, in his TED Global talk on VLC.His idea was very simple that if the LED is â€Å"on† then the digital 1 can be transmitted and if the LED is off† then the digital 0 can be transmitted. LED’s can be switched on and off very quick. For transmitting data this way all that we require is LED’s and controller that code data into Led’s. Parallel data transmission can be done by using array of LED’s or by using red, green, blue LED’s to a lter light frequency with the frequency of different data channel. Advancements and enhancements in this field generate a speed of 10 gbps! But amazingly fast data rates and lowering band widths are not the only reasons that enhance this technology. Li-fi usually is based on light and so it can be probably implemented in aircrafts and hospitals that are prone to inference from radio waves .Unlike Wi-Fi, Li-Fi can work even under-water which makes it more advantageous for military operations. Radio waves are replaced by light waves in data transmission called Li- Fi. Light emitting diodes can be switched on and off very much faster than the human eye allowing the light source to appear continuously. The data transmission is done through binary codes which involve switching on LED can be done by logic 1 and switch off using logic 0.The encoding of information in light can therefore be identified by varying the rate at which the LED’s flicker on and off to give strings of 0’s and 1’s.visible light communication is this method of using rapid pulses of light to transmit information wirelessly. To further get a grasp of Li-Fi consider an IR remote. It sends a single data stream of bits at the rate of 10,000-20,000 bps. Now replace the IR LED with a Light Box containing a large LED array. This system is capable of sending thousands of such streams at very fast rate. Light is inherently safe and can be used in places where radio frequency communication is often deemed problematic, such as in aircraft cabins or hospitals. So visible light communication not only has the potential to solve the problem of lack of spectrum space, but can also enable novel application. T he visible light spectrum is unused; it’s not regulated, and can be used for communication at very high speeds. IV. COMPARISON BETWEEN LI-FI & WI-FI LI-FI is a term of one used to describe visible light communication technology applied to high speed wireless communication. It acquired this name due to the similarity to WI-FI, only using light instead of radio. Li-Fi technology is based on LEDs for the transfer of data. The transfer of the data can be with the help of all kind of light i.e. Light may be Invisible, Ultraviolet or Visible part of spectrum. The speed of the internet is incredibly high and the user everything in just a few minutes. V. ADVANTAGES †¢ Capacity †¢ Availability †¢ Efficiency †¢ High Security †¢ Easy To Use †¢ Fast Data Transfer †¢ Harmlessness †¢ Low-cost VI. DISADVANTAGES: Still there are some backdrops like it can only transmit When in the line of sight well it can be sorted †Visible-light communication: Tripping the light Fantastic: A fast and cheap optical version of Wi-Fi is coming†, Economist, dated 28Jan 2012 out someday I hope. â€Å"There has been a lot of early hype, and there are some very good applications†. VII. APPLICATIONS 1. Education systems As with the advancement of science the latest technology is the LIFI which is the fastest speed internet access service. So this will leads to the replacement of WIFI at institutions and at companies so that all the people can make use of LIFI with same speed intended in a particular area. 2. Extends our life span As operation theatres do not allow WIFI due to radiation concerns. Usage of WI-FI at hospitals interferes with the mobile and pc which blocks the signals for monitoring equipments. Therefore the replacement for this Wi-Fi is Li-Fi as Hass has mentioned in his TED TALK that LIFI has 10,000 times the spectrum of Wi-Fi. Because the lights are not only al-lowed in operation theatres but also the most dazzling fixtures in the room. 3. Reduction in accident numbers At traffic signals, we can use LIFI in order to communicate with LED lights of the cars by the number of accidents can be reduced. Data can be easily transferred by making use of LIFI lamps with the street lamps. 4. Replacement for others technologies This technology doesn’t deal with radio waves, so it can easily be used in the places where Bluetooth, infrared, WIFI and Internet are banned. In this way, it will be most helpful transferring medium for us. It includes other benefits like: †¢ *A very wide spectrum over visible wave length range. †¢ * Extremely high colour fidelity. †¢ *Instant start time. †¢ *Easy terminal Management. †¢ *Dynamic dark i.e. brightness Modulation of lamp output to enhance video contrast. †¢ *Trouble-free integration into existing light engine platform. †¢ Li-Fi is the upcoming and on growing technology acting as competent for various other developing and already invented technologies. Since light is d major source for transmission in this technology it is very advantageous and implementable in various fields that can’t be done with the Wi-Fi and other technologies. Hence the future applications of the Li-Fi can be predicted and extended to different platforms like education fields, medical field, industrial areas and many other fields. VIII. CONCLUSION The possibilities are numerous and can be explored further. If this technology can be put into practical use, every bulb can be used something like a Wi-Fi hotspot to  transmit wireless data and we will proceed toward the  cleaner, greener, safer and brighter future. The concept of Li-Fi is currently attracting a great deal of interest not least because it may offer a genuine and very efficient alternative to radio-based wireless. As a growing number of people and their many devices access wireless internet, the airwaves are becoming increasingly clogged, making it more and more difficult to get a reliable, high-speed signal. This may solve issues such as the shortage of radio-frequency bandwidth and also allow internet where traditional radio based wireless is not allowed such as aircraft or hospitals. One of the shortcomings however is that it only work in direct line of sight. CONCLUDING REMARKS: †¢ Overcomes the limitations of radio spectrum †¢ High speed of 10 Gbps can be achieved †¢ Lifi can solve the foressential problems of wireless communications these days IX. REFERENCE 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li-Fi 2. http://gimt.edu.in/clientFiles/FILE_REPO/2012/NOV/23/1353645362045/69.pdf 3. http://www.collegelib.com/t-li-fi-technology-seminar-report-abstract.html  4. the-gadgeteer.com/2011/08/29/Li-Fi-internet-at-the speed- of-light/ 5. http://the-gadgeteer.com/2011/08/29/li-fi-internet-at-the-speed-of-light/ 6. http://www.oledcom.com/FR/Press%20release%20MWC2013.pdf 7. ill Li-Fi be the new Wi-Fi?, New Scientist, by Jamie Condliffe, dated 28 July 2011. 8. http://www.eiccit.org/Proceedings/LI-FI%20the%20Latest%20Technology%20in%20Wireless.pdf 9. †Visible-light communication: Tripping the light fantastic: A fast and cheap optical version of Wi-Fi is coming†, Economist, dated 28Jan 2012 10. http://www.digplanet.com/wiki/Li-Fi

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The life of Pope Alexander VI (1492-1503) - Research Paper Example Nicole in Carcere Where he served until 1471 and became cardinal bishop of portal and dean of Sacred College called Eubel Hierachia College. In 1457, he was the vice chancellor of the roman church. He had passion in card playing, he was self disciplined in eating and drinking and worked professionally in his administrative duties. He acted in evil ways whereby towards 1470, he broke the celibacy rule of roman priesthood when he began a relationship which led to bearing children with a roman lady Vanozza Catanei and fathered four children; Juan, Caesar, Lucrezia, and Jofre (Conte 317) He secured a two-thirds majority vote and was declared as pope in the morning of 14th august 1492, and acquired the name Pope Alexander VI. The election however was questionable but there was no evidence that Borgia had paid anyone for his election. The Romance expressed their acceptance and joy in bonfires, torch light processions, flowers and erecting triumphal arches with extravagant inscriptions. His coronation was then on 26th august. The roman city was said to encounter lawlessness at the time when Pope Alexander VI was appointed. This is well evidenced by the many assassinations that had already taken place. Thus after his appointment and coronation he went ahead to justify his good opinion to the people by putting an end to the lawlessness. He ordered for investigation whereby every culprit behind the assassination was to be hanged and his entire family brought down. He made four districts from the then city and put magistrates in charge of justice and order, further he appointed two days weekly when people would personally present their grievances to him (Gwynne 30). The method was within no time seen as efficient for justice restoration. He then turned to defense where he turned Mausoleum of Adrian into a fortress that would sustain a siege, fortified Torre di Nano thus secured the city from naval attacks. He transformed Leonine city to be the

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Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC) are seen as the key new players in the global economy - Essay Example The economic potential of BRIC countries is such that they could exceed the combined economies of the richest countries and become among the four most dominant countries in the world by 2050. The combined GDP of the BRIC countries of 18,486 trillion dollars make them the fastest growing emerging markets in the world (Murray, 2006). Among the BRIC countries China proved to be the most dominant and progressing, which is considered by others either as a threat or an opportunity. The current paper will briefly discuss the influence of BRIC countries on the global economic development with special emphasis on China as one of the largest and most promising markets (Rao, 1998). Despite the BRIC countries are not a political alliance as the European Union or formal trading association as ASEAN, their cooperation and combined actions are directed toward improving the political cooperation to confront the increasing influence of the United States in the major trade accords. It is expected that in the near future Brazil and Russia will become the dominant suppliers of raw materials for India and China that in their turn will become the dominant suppliers of manufactured goods and services (Goodman, 2005). In such a way, these four countries shown below might form the ideal combination of suppliers and manufacturers to provide the rest of the world with necessary goods and services. Table 1 in the Appendix shows the comparison between BRIC countries and G7 countries in terms of GDP. While in 2015 BRIC countries will have much less combined GDP of 13,653 US$ billions than G7 countries (GDP of 33,414 US$ billions), then by 2050 BRIC countries will be twice more p owerful in economic terms expecting 128,324 US$ billions in comparison to G7 GDP of 66,039 US$ billions. By entering the world economy and introducing changes and innovations in such fields as education, foreign investments, domestic

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Comparing and Contrasting the book and movie Act of Valor - Essay Example passionately. It is up to the Navy SEALs to find the terrorist groups and eliminate the threats. They embark on threat elimination missions in various parts of the world where their different units are stationed. The Action filled film is as captivating as it is enlightening. Unlike the common occurrence, the Act of valor film precedes the Act of Valor book. The film story writer wrote the story from a fictional original idea and the book authors borrowed their ideas and plot from the book. The book is written by Dick Couch and George Galdorisi. The book goes deep into the details in the description of the characters and the events that take place. This paper will compare and contrast the Films and the book, Act of Valor. The book is more accurate than the movie since it gives more details of the story and anyone looking for a thrilling action story should read it. Comparison and Contrast The Plot in both the book and the film is similar. The plot begins with the Navy SEALs team bein g dispatched on a rescue mission in Columbia where a U.S. CIA agent is held captive by an enemy group. The SEAL team seven is dispatched on a ship to perform the mission that is expected to be simple and fast but they later get information that there are plans underway to attack the U.S. The SEALs are then given intelligence information to embark on a global manhunt to stop the terrorists’ plan that is very well coordinated. The action moves from Chechnya shifting to the Philippines and later to Ukraine and Somalia where the SEALs conduct combat attacks to stop the terrorists. With each mission that the SEALs accomplish, a new puzzle is served to them and they are sent out to join the pieces in different parts of the world where the terrorists are stationed. The Film and the book capture the lives of the SEALs members and how the missions affect them and their families back at home. The action filled plot turns into an emotional rollercoaster once in a while when the lives an d worries of the SEALs are detailed (McCoy & Wuagh). The characters in both the movie and in the book are the same. The book writers took their ideas from the film and they were obliged to ensure that all the characters in the film appeared in the book exactly as their lives are portrayed in the film. The fact that the book is written from the screen play makes it difficult for the book writers to ignore any significant occurrence in the film. One of the greatest differences between the book and the film is the lengthy description in the book. The book has to capture the exact character image portrayed in the movie and this calls for detailed description to create a mental picture of the character’s lives and descriptions. The movie features actual Navy SEALs and the book’s description is intact on their image and lives (McCoy & Wuagh). The writers of the book enjoy the availability of time and space in the book to add more information to the lives of the characters. T he movie is time bounded and the story had to be shorter. The book in the other hand goes deeper into the details of the SEALs description and the way they handled the missions. In the book, the attacks that the SEALs engage in are vividly described, making what the film shows seem like just a sneak peak of the real event. The book illustrates every single detail of the fictitious story in a very clear way that the reader can almost visualize the experience. In the movie, the combat scenes are well

Toxic Chemical Agent Incident Response Assignment

Toxic Chemical Agent Incident Response - Assignment Example Incident command system is a well-organized tool that can be used to manage a disaster in a smooth way. It is a tool that is used for control, command and coordination of the emergency response to protect life, property, and the environment. The tool integrates procedures, policies, facilities, equipment and personnel into a common organizational structure that is specifically designed to improve the emergency response operations. By applying the principles of the incident command system, management of disaster can occur smoothly without confusion. These principles occur in a systematic manner and functions to allow smooth rescue plan for casualties in an emergency response. For methyl isocyanate leak, immediate response plan using the principles of incident command system can minimize the number of casualties (Williams, 2013). In case of the of the methyl isocyanate gas leak, the response teams should use similar terminologies to avoid confusion. The response team should use a common language that each person understands and all commonly used areas should have the same names. For instance, the area where casualties are being staged should have a common name such as the staging area. The gas plant facilities and units should be given similar titles that each response team is familiar with for easy access of resources and to avoid confusion (Strong, et al., 2009). During the gas leak, the first arriving officer to the gas plant assumes the position of the incident commander. The incident commander will start activating other section areas of the response team. The incident commander will raise the alarm, call the ambulance and start organizing on how to evacuate the casualties from the power plant after triaging. The incident commander will, therefore, help make a communication flow smoothly during the rescue process (Williams, 2013). There should be a common communications plan between different response teams.