The Forum Romanum or Roman Forum in Ancient Rome

The Roman Forum (Forum Romanum) began as a market place but became the economic, political, and religious hub, town square, and center of all Rome. Ridges connecting the Capitoline Hill with the Quirinal, and the Palatine with the Esquiline, enclosed the Forum Romanum. It is believed that before Romans built their city, the forum vicinity was a burial area (8-7th C. B.C.). Tradition and archaeological evidence support dating the building of certain structures (the Regia, Temple of Vesta, Shrine to Janus, Senate House, and prison) to before the Tarquin kings. After the fall of Rome, the area became a pasture. Archaeologists believe the establishment of the forum was the result of a deliberate and large-scale landfill project. Early monuments located there, whose remains have been found, including the carcer prison, an altar to Vulcan, the Lapis Niger, Temple of Vesta, and the Regia. Following the 4th century B.C. Gallic invasion, Romans vowed and later built a Temple of Concord. In 179 they built the Basilica Aemilia. After the death of Cicero and the nailing of his hands and head in the forum, the arch of Septimius Severus, various temples, columns, and basilicas were built and the ground paved. Cloaca Maxima — The Great Sewer of Rome The valley of the Roman forum was once a marsh with cattle paths. It would become the center of Rome only after drainage, filling, and building the great sewer or Cloaca Maxima. The Tiber floods and Lacus Curtius serve as reminders of its watery past. The 6th century Tarquin kings are held responsible for the creation of the great sewer system based on the Cloaca Maxima. In the Augustan Age, Agrippa (according to Dio) carried out repairs to it at private expense. Forum building continued into the Empire. The Name of the Forum Varro explains that the name of the Forum Romanum comes from the Latin verb conferrent, because people bring issues to court; conferrent is based on the Latin ferrent, referring to where people bring merchandise to sell. quo conferrent suas controversias, et quae vendere vellent quo ferrent, forum appellarunt (Varro, LL v.145) The forum is sometimes referred to as Forum Romanum. It is also (occasionally) called Forum Romanum vel (et) magnum. Lacus Curtius Almost in the center of the forum is the Lacus Curtius, which, despite the name, is not a lake (now). It is marked by remnants of an altar. Lacus Curtius is connected, in legend, with the Underworld. It was the site where a general might offer his life to appease the gods of the Underworld in order to save his country. Such an act of self-sacrifice was known as a devotio devotion. Incidentally, some think the gladiatorial games were another devotio, with the gladiators performing the self-sacrifices on behalf of the city of Rome or, later, the emperor (source: Ch. 4 Commodus: An Emperor at the Crossroads, by Olivier Hekster; Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 2002 BMCR Review). Shrine of Janus Geminus Janus the Twin or geminus was so called because as a god of doorways, beginnings, and ends, he was thought of as two-faced. Although we dont know where Janus temple was, Livy says it was in the lower Argiletum. It was the most important Janus cult site. Niger Lapis Niger Lapis is Latin for black stone. It marks the spot where, according to tradition, the first king, Romulus, was killed. The Niger Lapis is now surrounded by railings. There are grayish slabs in the pavement near the Arch of Severus. Beneath the paving stones is a tufa post with an ancient Latin inscription that has been partly cut off. Festus says the black stone in the Comitium marks off a place of burial. (Festus 184L — from Aichers Rome Alive). Political Core of the Republic In the forum was the Republican political core: the Senate House (Curia), Assembly (Comitium), and Speakers platform (Rostra). Varro says comitium is derived from the Latin coibant because Romans came together for meetings of the Comitia Centuriata and for trials. The comitium was a space in front of the senate that was designated by the augurs. There were 2 curiae, the one, the curiae veteres was where priests attended to religious matters, and the other, the curia hostilia, built by King Tullus Hostilius, where senators cared for human affairs. Varro attributes the name curia to the Latin for care for (curarent). The Imperial Senate House or Curia Julia is the best preserved forum building because it was converted into a Christian church in A.D. 630. Rostra The rostra was so named because the speakers platform had prows (Lat. rostra) affixed to it. It is thought the prows were attached to it following a naval victory in 338 B.C. [Vetera rostra refers to the 4th century B.C. rostra. Rostra Julii refers to the one Augustus built at the steps of his temple to Julius Caesar. The ships prows bedecking it came from the Battle at Actium.] Nearby was a platform for foreign ambassadors called the Graecostatis. Although the name suggests it was the place for Greeks to stand, it was not limited to Greek ambassadors. Temples, Altars, and the Center of Rome There were various other shrines and temples in the forum, including an Altar of Victory in the senate, a Temple of Concord, the imposing Temple of Castor and Pollux, and on the Capitoline, the Temple of Saturn, which was the site of the Republican Roman treasury, of which remnants from a late 4th C restoration remain. The center of Rome on the Capitoline side held the Mundus vault, the Milliarium Aureum (Golden Milestone), and the Umbilicus Romae (Navel of Rome). The vault was opened three-times per year, the 24 of August, 5 of November, and 8 of November. The Umbilicus is thought to be a round brick ruin between the Arch of Severus and the Rostra, and was first mentioned in A.D. 300. The Miliarium Aureum is a pile of stones in front of the Temple of Saturn set up by Augustus when he was appointed Commissioner of roads. Significant Places in the Forum Romanum Pool of CurtiusShrine of Janus GeminusLapis nigerSenate HouseImperial RostraTemple of ConcordGolden MilestoneUmbilicus UrbisTemple of SaturnTemple of Castor and PolluxShrine of JoturnaBasilica AemiliaPorticus — Gaius and LuciusBasilica JuliaTemple of Julius CaesarTemple of VespasianArch of Septmius SeverusPortico of the Consenting GodsColumn of Phocas Source Aicher, James J., (2005). Rome Alive: A Source-Guide to the Ancient City, Vol. I, Illinois: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. The Roman Forum as Cicero Saw It, by Walter Dennison. The Classical Journal, Vol. 3, No. 8 (Jun., 1908), pp. 318-326. On the Origins of the Forum Romanum, by Albert J. Ammerman. American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 94, No. 4 (Oct., 1990), pp. 627-645.

Comparing AP and An Ounce of Cure Essay - 601 Words

Comparing AP and An Ounce of Cure If a reader is given two short stories, two stories that are seemingly different on the surface, to read and compare and contrast, a surprising amount of similarities and differences can be found. Unless they deal with the same subject matter, most short stories arent really related, until some analysis is done. The stories AP, by John Updike, and An Ounce of Cure, by Alice Munro, are very similar but very different. One of the mot important similarities between these two stories is the problems the opposite sex causes for the main character. In AP, Sammy, the main character, quits his job because he thinks that his boss has mistreated and embarrassed three young ladies that were†¦show more content†¦In An Ounce of Cure, the main character and her mother have to use and ounce of cure to try and make up for the main characters mistakes. If only an ounce of prevention had been used, there wouldnt have been any of those horrible problems that arose. These two stories are a lso very different. The main difference is that Sammy takes less dramatic measures to resolve his problems than the girl in An Ounce of Cure. Sammy only quits his job. Since he is young and it is summer time, he shouldnt have any problems finding another job. The girl in An Ounce of Cure, however, takes far more drastic measures to solver her problems. She tries to kill herself, gets drunk, and endangers the lives of the two young children that she supposed to be watching. Another difference is that An Ounce of Cure has far less detail in it than in AP. An Ounce of Cure is much longer, but much more straightforward. It gives the story and a few extra details, but not many. On the other hand, AP Sammy gives vivid details of everything around him. He paints a very clear picture of the store, the young ladies, the other shoppers, and his every thought. Both main characters in these stories have very different attitudes towards everything. 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Tamburlaine the Great A monologue from the play by Christopher Marlowe Essay Example For Students

Tamburlaine the Great A monologue from the play by Christopher Marlowe Essay A monologue from the play by Christopher Marlowe NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Masterpieces of the English Drama. Ed. William Lyon Phelps. New York: American Book Company, 1912. TAMBURLAINE: In thee, thou valiant man of Persia, I see the folly of thy emperor. Art thou but captain of a thousand horse, That, by characters graven in thy brows And by thy martial face and stout aspect, Deservst to have the leading of an host? Forsake thy king, and do but join with me, And we will triumph over all the world. I hold the Fates bound fast in iron chains, And with my hand turn Fortunes wheel about; And sooner shall the sun fall from his sphere Than Tamburlaine be slain or overcome. Draw forth thy sword, thou mighty man-at-arms, Intending but to race my charmed skin, And Jove himself will stretch his hand from heaven To ward the blow and shield me safe from harm. See how he rains down heaps of gold in showers, As if he meant to give me soldiers pay! And, as a sure and grounded argument That I shall be the monarch of the East, He sends this soldans daughter, rich and brave, To be my queen and portly emperess. If thou wilt stay with me, renowned man, And lead thy thousand horse with my conduct, Besides thy share of this Egyptian prize, Those thousand horse shall sweat with martial spoil Of conquered kingdoms and of cities sacked. Both we will walk upon the lofty clifts; And Christian merchants that with Russian stems Plow up huge furrows in the Caspian sea Shall vail to us as lords of all the lake. Both we will reign as consuls of the earth, And mighty kings shall be our senators. Jove sometime masked in a shepherds weed; And by those steps that he hath scaled the heavens May we become immortal like the gods! Join with me now in this my mean estate (I call it mean because, being yet obscure, The nations far removed admire me not), And, when my name and honor shall be spread As far as Boreas claps his brazen wings, Or fair Bootes sends his cheerful light, Then shalt thou be competitor with me, And sit with Tamburlaine in all his majesty.

Mccarthys Abuse Of Power Essays (2282 words) - McCarthyism

Mccarthy's Abuse Of Power In 1954 a young junior Senator from the state of Wisconsin held the entire Senate in the palm of his hand. Senator Joseph R. McCarthy used an aggressive strategy of lies, personal attacks, and propaganda in an aggressive attempt to gain power. Was Senator McCarthy a crusader for the common good of the people or was he the ringleader of a witch-hunt seeking only political power? What tactics did McCarthy use to gain his power? What brought about his demise? Joseph McCarthy was a complex man and in order to understand his thinking you must first look at his history, tactics, and supporters. Joseph McCarthy wasn't always the brash and aggressive man that history has made him out to be. McCarthy was born to a good Irish Catholic family. Neighbors remember Joseph as being a shy lad, seen-but-not-heard. At nineteen McCarthy left home to fill a position as a store manager. At about this time the once shy and timid boy began to change into a sharp and aggressive man. McCarthy went back to school where he graduated from Marquette University with the title class president and a law degree. McCarthy began practicing law in a small town and was soon offered a position with a well-respected law firm, which he snatched up. McCarthy soon became disenchanted working for someone else and wanted some power of his own. McCarthy began hobnobbing with the local clubs and organizations McCarthy was so well liked that he was elected president of the Young Democratic Clubs of Wisconsin's Seventh District. With a political backing McCarthy decided to run for district attorney of Shawano County under the Democratic ticket. McCarthy came in second losing to a Progressive candidate but beat out the Republican candidate by about a thousand votes. McCarthy polled in seven times as many votes as he should have which gave the fresh faced lawyer good hopes for the future. McCarthy, in his high spirits, than decided to go after the position of tenth circuit judge. McCarthy faced a tough challenge because in front of his ambitions was a seasoned Judge of 35 years who most people predicted would be a sure win. One farmer describes McCarthy, ? He had barely turned thirty; he was probably the least experienced lawyer in the district, and he lacked the dignity a judge should have.? McCarthy would not let opinions get in his way and he ran a furious campaign. Judge Werner was 66 and McCarthy referred to him as ?my 73-year-old Opponent,? because of this McCarthy was able to exploit an age issue, which he used it in his campaign. McCarthy also ran an aggressive mailing campaign sending out thousands of letters. All of these factors lead Joseph R. McCarthy to the courthouse and granted him his first taste of political power. ?Judge McCarthy Breezed into the courtroom full of vim and vitality, like a strong west wind blowing through the moldering halls of justice.? McCarthy came to the courtroom with energy, which quickly dealt away a backlog of nearly 250 cases. McCarthy was not as judicial as he was quick and was known to grant ?quickie divorces? to his political supporters. At one point the Wisconsin Supreme Court labeled his actions as ?highly improper.? While a judge McCarthy began networking and developed a list of names and numbers of key political players and media connections, which he could count on if he ever need support. In 1942 McCarthy waived his judicial deferment and joined the Marine Corps. The reason for this is shaky at least but his actions in the Corps give evidence that he needed a good military background if he were to be successful in politics. ?He quickly won a reputation among fellow officers as an ?operator? and a ?promoter. On one occasion he sat in the rear of a grounded dive bomber and fired off 4,700 rounds of ammunition, a publicity stunt which made the Associated Press wire.? In another instance McCarthy spread around a rumor that he had been wounded in action, which also made the papers back home. McCarthy with the rank of Captain went on active leave and upon return to Wisconsin decided to change his party affiliation to